癌症,恶性肿瘤中的最为常见的一类。是由于各种致癌因素作用而致使局部组织细胞在基因水平上失去正常生长调控进而导致异常增生并分化形成新的生物,并因为其不受正常机体生理调节,不断生长,破坏正常组织与器官,对于患者造成严重的损伤,并最终极其容易导致患者死亡。
食管鳞状细胞癌(简称ESCC,常称食道癌),排名前10位的癌症死因,是全球性最为常见的恶性肿瘤之一。大多数ESCC患者的死因是致癌细胞通过淋巴结转移,我们称为转移食管鳞状细胞癌(简称mESCC)。据研究,非转移的ESCC患者术后5年总生存率约为40%,而mESCC患者的术后5年总生存率仅在10%以下。
文献解读
目前,对于患者的ESCC或mESCC诊断的几个主要临床病例因素如:年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤原发部位等。根据总结,这些手段对于一些早期的症状诊断十分不足。
因此对于临床诊断或治疗来说,提高诊断或预测的准确度,对于ESCC转移与否的监测建立灵敏的方法,以帮助外科医生选择适合的治疗方法是十分有必要的。本篇论文,探讨早期识别和预测ESCC、mESCC以及阐明疾病的潜在发病机制。对于来自健康人群、ESCC患者和mESCC患者数百例临床血样的色氨酸代谢通路相关物质,进行基于超高效液相色谱三重四级杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)的靶向代谢组学技术(Target Metabolomics,谱领生物为本次代谢组学服务提供商)检测分析。
样本信息:
| linicalcharacteristicsofpatientsandhealthysubjects |
| | Healthycontrol | ESCCpatients | mESCCpatients |
| No.ofsubjects | 28 | 38 | 38 |
| Age(mean) | 58 | 60 | 61 |
| Gender(male/female) | 20/8 | 27/11 | 36/2 |
最初,研究团队分析了色氨酸通路中的九种代谢产物:
九种代谢物:
Tryptophan;3-Hydroxyanthranilicacid;Kynurenine;Kynurenicacid;5-Hydroxytryptophan;5-Hydroxyindole-3-aceticacid;Tryptamine;N-acetyl
SEROtonin;5-Hydroxytryptamine.
后期,最终选择其中五个代谢物(即色氨酸(TRP)、犬尿氨酸(KYN)、5-羟基色氨酸(5HTP)、5-羟基吲哚-3-乙酸(5HIAA)、5-羟色胺(5HT))进行定量比较,健康人群、ESCC患者、mESCC患者血样中这五种代谢物的平均含量如下图:
Fig.Scheduledmultiple-reactionmonitoring(S-MRM)chromatographoffivemetabolitesinpositiveionmode.Full,dashanddotlinestandforhealthcontrol,ESCCpatientsandmESCCpatientsrespectively.
我们可以看到ESCC和mESCC患者与健康人群血样中这五种代谢物含量都具有差异。使用热图分析,我们可以发现,在健康人群和病人之间,这五种代谢物峰面积呈现出了显著不同,如图:
通过热图可以看到,相对于正常人群样本来说,ESCC和mESCC患者的色氨酸(TRP)含量下调了,而5-羟色胺(5HT)上调,而其他三个代谢物则出现动态变化。为了阐明这些差异,研究团队奖下游代谢产物(5HT、5HTP、5HIAA和KYN)与上游的前体(TRP)的计算比率,进过数据预处理之后,研究团队使用其他四种代谢物与色氨酸的比值作为指标进行分析。相对于正常人群样本,研究团队发现这些比值,ESCC和mESCC患者的这些比值都呈现了上调的趋势。再以此建立两种诊断模型。研究团队发现这两种模式能有效的预测和诊断ESCC和mESCC。
作者在最后讨论部分,对此也进行了讨论。小编觉得原话很精彩,这里抄录献给大家:
Inmammals,tryptophanmetabolismisaphysiologicalmeansofpreservingimmunehomeostasis,whichavoidsacuteandchronichyper-inflammatoryreactions.Recently,somestudiesreportthatimmunehomeostasisisimportantincancerprogressionandthedisturbedtryptophanmetabolismiscorrelatedtotum
Origenesisandmetastasis.Inthisstudy,atargetedmetabolomicsapproachwasconductedtoexplorevariationsoftryptophanmetabolisminESCCpatients.
Inprocedureoftryptophanmetabolism,tryptophancanbedegradedindifferentpathways,inwhichsomephysiologicallyimportantmetabolitesareproduced,including5HTP,5HT,TRAandKYN:(1)TRPiscatalyzedbythe5-monooxygenaseandconvertedinto5HTP,whichissubsequentlyconvertedinto5HTthroughdecarboxylationreaction,and5HTisconvertedinto5HIAAfinally;(2)TRPcanbedegradedintoKYNthroughthekynureninepathway,andKYNcanbetransformedto3HAAandKYA;(3)TRPcanbetransformedtoTRAbythearomatic-L-amino-aciddecarboxylase.
TRPistheprecursorof5HTP,5HT,and5HIAA.Inthisstudy,concentrationofTRPwasdecreasedsignificantlybothinESCCandmESCCpatients,whichwasinconsistentwithsomepreviouscancerstudies.Decreasedtryptophanleadstobiostaticstarvationandthuslimitslymphocyteexpansion,whichhasaclosecorrelationwithtumorigenesis.Inthisstudy,serum5HTPwasdown-regulatedinESCCpatientsduetodecreasedconcentrationofTRPandenhancedactivityofaromatic-L-aminoaciddecarboxylase.5HT,degradedfromthe5HTPbydecarboxylationreaction,wasupregulatedbothinnon-metastaticandmetastaticpatients.Ithasbeenreportedthat5HTisamitogenicfactorandhighconcentrationof5HTpromotesprogressofcaners.Ontheotherhand,TRPcanbeconvertedintoN-formylkynurenineandthenhydrolyzedtoKYNthroughthekynureninepathway,inwhichthedownstreammetabolites,KYAand3HAA,areproduced.
TheratioofKYNtoTRPisawidelyacceptedindicatorpresentingtheenzymeactivityinvolvedinthekynureninepathway.Variationofthisratioinhealthcontrols,ESCC,andmESCCpatientswasshowedin.WefoundthattheratiosofKYN/TRP,5HTP/TRP,5HIAA/TRPand5HT/TRPwereincreasedwhencomparedtheESCCandmESCCpatientstohealthycontrols.Moreover,theincreasedtrendsoftheseratiosofmetabolitetotryptophanwereinaccordancewithmalignanttransformationofESCC.TheseresultsimpliedthattherewasahigherenzymeactivityinESCCandmESCCpatientscomparedtohealthycontrols.Thehigherenzymeactivityhasbeenobservedinseveraltypesofhumansolidtumors,includingcolorectal,breast,ovarian,lungcancersandmelanoma.Itisworthnotingthathighenzymeactivityofkynureninepathwayisassociatedwithimmuneescape,whichisatriggerfactoroftumorprogressionandmigration.TheincensementofKYNcaninhibitT-cellproliferationandinduceT-cellapoptosis,whichleadstoimmunetolerance,thusprovidingamicroenvironmentfortumorprogressionandmigration.
总结如下图:
如果大家嫌内容太多看不下去,小编这里总结一下,大体就是说对于哺乳动物来说,免疫系统的稳态对于癌症的发展有重要作用,色氨酸代谢紊乱与相关肿瘤的发展和转移有关。色氨酸代谢是维持免疫平衡,避免记性和慢性超炎性反应的生理手段。
在色氨酸代谢的过程中,色氨酸可以在不同的路径被降解,其中会产生一些具有重要生理学作用的代谢物,包括5HTP,5HT,TRA和KYN:(1)TRP是由5-单加氧酶催化和转换成5HTP,随后通过脱羧反应被转化为5HT,最终5HT转换成5HIAA;(2)TRP可以通过犬尿氨酸通路,降解成KYN,KYN可以再转化为3HAA和KYA;(3)TRP可以被芳香-L-
氨基酸脱羧酶转化成TRA.
TRP是5HTP、5HT和5HIAA的先导。在此研究中,在ESCC和mESCC患者中,色氨酸浓度显著下降,符合一些以前癌症研究。色氨酸降低可以饿死肿瘤细胞从而限制了淋巴细胞扩张,这与肿瘤转移密切相关。在本研究中,ESCC患者
血清中5HTP下调是由于色氨酸浓度降低,芳香-L-氨基酸脱羧酶的活性增强。5HTP通过脱羧反应降解成5HT,而5HT在非转移和远处转移的患者中表达上调。据报5HT是一种有丝分裂因子,高浓度的5HT促进了癌症的发展。另一方面,TRP可以转化为N-甲酰犬尿氨酸,然后通过犬尿氨酸途径,水解成KYN,再产生的下游的代谢产物KYA和3HAA.
对于呈现酶参与的犬尿氨酸途径,KYN/TRP的值是一个被广泛接受的指标。这一比率在健康组、ESCC和mESCC患者的变化如图3。我们发现,与健康对照组相比,在ESCC和mESCC患者中,KYN/TRP,5HTP/TRP,5HIAA/TRP和5HT/TRP的比例都增加了。此外,这些色氨酸代谢产物的比值的增加的趋势与ESCC恶性转化吻合。这些结果暗示ESCC和mESCC患者与健康对照组相比,具有更高的酶活性。包括结直肠癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌和黑色素瘤,过几种类型的人类肿瘤患者中都观测到较高的酶活性。值得注意的是犬尿氨酸途径的高酶活性与免疫逃逸有关,免疫逃逸是肿瘤的生长和迁移触发因素。KYN的刺激可以抑制T
细胞增殖并诱导T
细胞凋亡,从而导致免疫耐受,从而为肿瘤的生长和迁移提供一个微环境。
文献内容:Title:Disturbedtryptophanmetabolismcorrelatingtoprogressionandmetastasisofesophagealsquamouscellcarcinoma.
Author:JingCheng,HaiJin,XiaobeiHou,JieLv,XianfuGao*,GuangyongZheng**.
Journal:BiochemicalandBiophysicalResearchCommunications.
Keywords:Tryptophanmetabolism,EsophagealsquamouscellcarcinomaLymphnodemetastasis,LiquidchromatographyTandemmassspectrometry.
Abstract:
Esophagealsquamouscellcarcinoma(ESCC)isoneofthemostfrequentmalignanciesworldwide.Lymphnodemetastasisisthele
ADIngcauseofdeathinESCCpatients.Toidentifyearlydiagnosticandprognosticbio
MarkersofESCCandelucidateunderlyingpathogenesisofthedisease,atargetedmetabolomicsstrategybasedonliquidchromatographycombinedwithtandemmassspectrometrywasappliedtoexploretryptophanmetabolismbetweenESCCpatients,metastaticESCCpatients(mESCC),andhealthycontrols.Statisticalanalysisonmetaboliteexpressionabundanceandcompoundconcentrationratiowasconductedtodiscriminatepatientsfromhealthycontrols.Theconcentrationratioofkynurenine,5-hydroxytryptophan,5-hydroxyindole-3-aceticacid,5-hydroxytryptaminetotheirprecursortryptophanwereidentifiedaspotentialbiomarkers,presentinghighdiagnosticcapacityfordistinguishingESCCandmESCCpatientsfromhealthycontrols.Moreover,aprognosticpredictionmodelwasalsobuiltontheseratiostodistinguishmetastasispatientsfromnon-metastasispatientssuccessfully.ThehighperformanceofESCCpredictionmodelssuggestthatconcentrationratiosofcompoundsmaybeusedasbiomarkersforearlydiagnosisandprognosisofthedisease.Inaddition,concentrationratiosofcompoundsshowaprogressivelyincreasedtrendfromnon-metastasistometastasispatientscomparedwithhealthycontrols,whichisinaccordancewithprocessofmalignanttransformationofESCC.ThisinterestedfindingsuggeststhatdisturbedtryptophanmetabolismiscorrelatedtoprogressionandmetastasisofESCCsinceconcentrationratiosofcompoundsreflectactivityofenzymesinvolvedintryptophanmetabolism.ThisstudyrevealstheimpactoftryptophanmetabolismtotumorigenesisandmetastasisofESCC,whichhelp
BIOLOGistsinvestigatemechanismofthedisease.
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