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CHIFF preparation Develop cells for at least 3 hrs to minimize protease activity. Cell are resuspended in DB to 2-4 x 107/ml and shaken at 120 rpm at 22o for 3-6 hrs. Cells were harvested and washed with TEB (40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA). They were finally resuspended in TEBP (TEB plus various protease inhibitors: 1x PIC I and 1x PIC II) to 2 x 108 /ml. CHAPS powder was added at 20 mg/ml. After gentle mixing, the lysed cells were kept on ice for 3-5 minutes and then sucrose crystals were added to 55% final concentration (calculate sucrose grams: 2 x cell volume (mls) / 2.7). They were loaded under a 20-45% step sucrose density gradient and centrifuged at 150,000g for 12 hrs. For SW 41 rotors, use 3 ml 20%, 4 ml 45 % and 5 ml sample volumes. The CHIFF band was collected by capillary, diluted 4 fold with TEB and spun down. The CHIFF pellet is finally resuspended to 5 x 108 cell equivalent/ml in TBP (TEBP without the EDTA) with 30% sucrose and then stored frozen at -70o. Version 2: Sucrose crystals (Sigma) were added to the CHAPS lysate to a final concentration of 55% (w/v). A 8 ml linear 20-45% sucrose gradient (in TEBP) was formed over 4 mls of this sucrose-containing CHAPS lysate. The gradient was centrifuged at 36,000 rpm for 14-16 hours in a Beckman SW 41 rotor at 8oC. A thin, white band in the middle section of the gradient was collected, diluted 5 fold with TEB, and centrifuged in a SS34 rotor at 12,000 rpm for 15 minutes. This pellet preparation was designated CHIFF (CHAPS insoluble floating fraction). In some cases, the gradient was pumped from the bottom into 12-15 fractions (~0.8 ml/fraction) and the fractions analyzed by immunoblot. In later experiments, we found out that by replacing the linear gradient with a step gradient of 4 ml 20% and 4 ml 45% sucrose, we could obtain essentially the same CHIFF preparation.