Charles A. Dinarello, M.D., a Professor of Medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine in Denver and a member of the Techne Corporation Board of Directors, was recently recognized with two distinguished awards.
美国2009年医学最高奖金授予三位免疫学家
Immune System Pioneers Share America’s Largest Prize in Medicine
美国2009年医学最高奖金授予三位免疫学家
Albany, N.Y., April 24, 2009—Ralph M. Steinman, M.D., of Rockefeller University, Charles A. Dinarello, M.D., from the University of Colorado, and Bruce Beutler, M.D., of The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, CA—whose groundbreaking discoveries have transformed the field of immunology—have been named the 2009 recipients of the Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research. The $500,000 Prize is the largest award in medicine or science in the United States.
2009年4月24日,纽约州奥尔巴尼，来自洛克菲勒大学的医学博士Ralph M. Steinman、科罗拉多州大学的医学博士Charles A. Dinarello和加州拉荷雅斯克利普斯研究院医学博士Bruce Beutler ，因其突破性的发现颠覆了整个免疫学领域，获得了2009年奥尔巴尼医学和生物医学研究奖。 50万美元的奖金在美国医学和科学领域是最高的。
The co-recipients of the Prize, who will share the award, were honored at a news conference and luncheon held today at the Hilton Garden Inn at Albany Medical Center.
同获此殊荣的人将在新闻发布会上露面，同时今天的午宴将在奥尔巴尼医学中心的希尔顿花园酒店举行。
“Collectively, the work of these scientists has led to a dramatically better understanding of the human immune system, in health and in disease,” said James J. Barba, president and chief executive officer of Albany Medical Center, who served as chairman of the National Selection Committee. “That knowledge has already directly resulted in new therapies for people with conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, Crohn’s disease and cancer. And, the discoveries they have made about how the body senses and responds to infection remain the basis of active research that holds the promise of new and improved vaccines and innovative ways to harness the power of the immune system to better fight viruses and bacterial illness. Their achievements are nothing short of astounding.”
奥尔巴尼医学中心总裁兼首席执行官、全国推选委员会主席詹姆斯、巴尔巴说：“概括性的说，这些科学家们的成果让人们更好的戏剧性的理解人体免疫系统，这些知识带来一些疾病的新疗法，包括类风湿关节炎，糖尿病，克罗恩病和癌症。关于机体如何感受和应答感染的发现，使得在积极研究的基础上，有望出现改进的新疫苗和创新的办法以促使充分利用免疫系统更好地抗击病毒和细菌性疾病。这些成就十分惊人。”
This is the ninth year the Albany Medical Center Prize has been awarded. It was established in 2000 by the late Morris “Marty” Silverman to honor scientists whose work has translated from “the bench to the bedside” resulting in better outcomes for patients. A $50 million gift commitment from the Marty and Dorothy Silverman Foundation to Albany Medical Center provides for the Prize to be awarded annually for 100 years.
这是第九届奥尔巴尼医学中心奖。它成立于2000年，由已故的Morris “Marty” Silverman创立，奖励为将实验成果转化为临床实际应用并为病人带来福音的科学家。 Marty和Dorothy Silverman基金会为奥尔巴尼医学中心奖提供了5000万美元，每年颁发一次，年限为100年。
Like all vertebrates, the human body has two immune systems that work separately and in combination—adaptive immunity (the more widely understood), which learns to recognize and respond to specific bacteria, viruses and other microbes over time using receptors, or “signaling messengers,” located on white blood cells; and innate immunity, which recognizes and responds instantly (without prior exposure) to fight off the countless infectious agents and microbes people are exposed to daily.
和所有的脊椎动物一样，人体有两个既独立又合作的免疫系统
1.获得性免疫（更广泛的理解）：能够用受体或位于白细胞上的“信号信使”识别和应答特定的细菌、病毒和其他微生物。
2.固有免疫：即时识别和应答（无须事先接触）并抵抗人们每天面对的无数传染性因素和微生物。
Defined in the early 1900s, knowledge about how adaptive immunity works translated into the development of many effective vaccines including those for measles, polio and influenza.
在20世纪初，关于获得性免疫如何运作的知识带来许多有效的疫苗,包括麻疹，脊髓灰质炎和流感疫苗。
But the question, “How do you start this immune response?’ had yet to be answered until Drs. Steinman, Dinarello and Beutler effectively figured it out, and forever changed the field of immunology.
但是“如何开始这一免疫应答？”的问题直到Steinman，Dinarello和Beutler博士才得以有效解答，并由此彻底颠覆了免疫学领域。
The first revelation came in 1973 at a lab at Rockefeller University when Dr. Ralph Steinman, who is now the Henry G. Kunkel Professor in Rockefeller’s Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, discovered a previously unknown type of white blood cell—which he named the dendritic cell. These pivotal cells turned out to be the “missing link” in innate immunity; as its central regulator, they process germs to initiate the front-line immune response. Dendritic cells, ever watchful for invaders, “tell” other white blood cells called T-cells to multiply and get the immune system ready to “fight the enemy” or they give the word to other cells to ignore agents that will not harm the host.
第一个相关研究是Ralph Steinman博士1973年在洛克菲勒大学实验室，以及目前在洛克菲勒实验室工作的是细胞生理和免疫学Henry G. Kunkel教授，发现了一种以前未知的白细胞，命名为树突状细胞。这种中枢细胞被证明是固有免疫的“迷失的链接”;作为其中央调节器，他们接触细菌并引发第一步免疫反应。树突状细胞对入侵者非常警惕，“告诉”其它叫T细胞的白细胞增殖，好“打击敌人”或发送信息给其它细胞来忽略不引起机体伤害的因素。
Dr. Steinman’s work, including his success in growing large numbers of dendritic cells in the lab, opened a new field of study focusing on the role of dendritic cells in immune function, their potential for vaccine enhancement and the treatment of autoimmune disorders and even cancer. For example, in clinical research studies, scientists are putting tumor cells along with dendritic cells into test tubes, allowing the dendritic cells to develop an anti-tumor response. These “revved up” dendritic cells are then put back into a patient in the hopes that they will more effectively fight the tumors. Other dendritic-cell therapies also are being designed to combat allergies. As studies of dendritic cells show, immune responses can be obviously beneficial, but in some cases our response to disease turns out to be quite harmful. At the heart of the problem is inflammation, which dendritic cells (and, it turns out, many of their protein products collectively known as cytokines) trigger to fight infection. The right amount of inflammation at the right time and in the right place is a good thing. However, if that inflammatory response happens in the bloodstream, it results in sepsis, an overwhelming reaction that is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States. Likewise, an immune response triggered in error against the body’s own tissues results in the runaway inflammation characteristic of autoimmune disorders like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Steinman博士的工作，包括他在实验室成功养植大量树突状细胞，开辟了一个重点研究树突状细胞在免疫功能、疫苗增强潜力和自身免疫性疾病甚至癌症治疗中发挥重要作用的新领域。例如临床研究中，科学家把肿瘤细胞与树突状细胞同时放入试管，使树突状细胞产生抗肿瘤反应。然后把这些经过“沉降”筛选的树突状细胞，注射入病人体内以期望它们能更有效地对付肿瘤。其他树突状细胞疗法还包括实验用于抗过敏。树突状细胞的研究表明，免疫反应明显对身体有利，但某些针对疾病的免疫反应是十分有害的。核心问题是炎症，其中树突状细胞（事实证明，他们的多种蛋白产物统称为细胞因子）引发对感染的抵抗。适时适地适量的炎症反应是好事，但如果在血液中发生炎症反应，它可能会导致败血症--一种灾难性的反应，作为美国引起死亡的第10位因素。同样，对人体自身组织错误的免疫应答会引起以炎症为特性失控的自身免疫性疾病，像：红斑狼疮和和类风湿关节炎。
To this end, Dr. Charles Dinarello’s groundbreaking work on anti-cytokine therapies that block the immune system’s inflammatory reaction also opened an entire new field of study in immunology called cytokine biology. In the 1970s, while working at the NIH and later at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston, Dr. Dinarello identified and purified the body’s key fever-producing molecule, later named Interleukin-1 (IL-1). Dr. Dinarello led the team that first cloned IL-1 in 1984. Released by white blood cells during infections and immune reactions, IL-1 tells the body to produce inflammation.
为此，Charles Dinarello博士抗细胞因子疗法的突破性的成果阻断了免疫系统的炎症反应，打开了一个全新研究细胞因子生物学的免疫学领域。20世纪70年代，Charles Dinarello博士在美国国家卫生研究院工作后来在波士顿塔夫茨大学医学院，他鉴定和纯化了机体的关键产热分子，后来命名为白细胞介素1 （ IL - 1）。Dinarello博士领导的小组在1984年第一次克隆出白细胞介素1。在感染和免疫反应中，白细胞释放 IL – 1，它引发肌体产生炎症反应。
Dr. Dinarello, currently professor of medicine at the University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, has since focused on blocking IL-1 to quell inflammation. This work, and the subsequent discovery of many other Interleukins, has resulted in therapies for rare immune disorders and more common ones including Crohn’s disease, diabetes, allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, and graft-versus-host disease in transplant patients. In addition, anti-cytokine therapies and the ability to manipulate cytokines hold promise for treatment and/or vaccination for patients with sepsis, cancer and viral diseases including HIV.
目前在丹佛科罗拉多大学医学院任医学教授的Dinarello博士，一直侧重于阻断IL–1来阻断炎症反应。这方面的工作，以及后来一连串对其他白细胞介素的研究，带来了罕见免疫系统疾病和常见病（包括克罗恩病，糖尿病，过敏症，类风湿关节炎，以及移植患者的移植物抗宿主疾病）的新疗法。此外，抗细胞因子疗法和操纵细胞因子为败血症、癌症和病毒性疾病包括艾滋病制造疫苗方面大有潜力。
Similarly, Dr. Bruce Beutler, professor and chairman of the department of genetics at Scripps, is famous in scientific circles for defining the role of another key cytokine termed Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). In the 1980s, while at Rockefeller University, Dr. Beutler isolated TNF and demonstrated its role as an additional mediator of immune system-generated inflammation. Like the discovery of IL-1, this knowledge has directly resulted in improved outcomes for people with chronic inflammatory diseases; specifically, Dr. Beutler created recombinant inhibitors of TNF, now widely use as Enbrel, a first-line treatment for people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders. The drug works by blocking TNF to reduce inflammation.
同样，斯克里普斯遗传所教授和系主任Bruce Beutler博士，因定义了另一个称为肿瘤坏死因子（ TNF ）的关键因子而出名。20世纪80年代，在洛克菲勒大学的Beutler博士分离了肿瘤坏死因子，并揭示了其作为免疫系统产生炎症的另一个介质。如同IL–1的发现一样，这方面的知识使人们更好地处理慢性炎性疾病;具体来说，Beutler博士发明肿瘤坏死因子的重组抑制剂即现在普遍使用的Enbrel —是治疗类风湿关节炎，银屑病，强直性脊柱炎，幼年型类风湿关节炎和其他自身免疫性疾病的一线药。这种药物通过阻断肿瘤坏死因子来减少炎症反应。
In the 1990s, while at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Dr. Beutler went on to discover the key proteins used by the innate immune system to “see” viruses, bacteria, and fungi. These are the TLRs (toll like receptors), which ignite the immune response within minutes of the time an infection begins. The TLRs protect us from infections, but paradoxically, also cause much of the morbidity associated with infections. An immunologist and geneticist, Dr. Beutler is a world leader in “forward genetics,” a technique used to identify critical genes supporting the innate immune system. His work has pointed to several genetic mutations in people who are predisposed to sepsis and other diseases.
在20世纪90年代，， Beutler博士在美国达拉斯德克萨斯西南医学中心大学还发现了固有免疫中用于监视病毒、细菌和真菌关键蛋白质。这些蛋白质是TLRs受体（ Toll样受体），能在感染数分钟内引起免疫应答。该受体保护我们免受感染，但矛盾的是，它还会引起许多与感染有关的病。作为免疫学家和遗传学家，Beutler博士是世界“前沿遗传学”（定义辅助固有免疫系统的重要因子的工具）领军人物。他的成果已经指出一些易患败血症和其他疾病人群的存在基因突变。
Dr. Steinman was born in Montreal in 1943. He received a B.S. from McGill University in 1963, and an M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1968. Following an internship and residency at Massachusetts General Hospital, he joined Rockefeller University in 1970 as a postdoctoral fellow in the Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology. He was appointed an assistant professor in 1972, associate professor in 1976, and professor in 1988. He was named Henry G. Kunkel Professor in 1995 and director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases in 1998.
Steinman博士于1943年出生在蒙特利尔。他1963年获MCGILL大学学士学位，1968年获哈佛大学医学院医学博士学位。在马萨诸塞州综合医院实习并担任住院医师，于1970年作为博士后进入洛克菲勒大学细胞生理学和免疫学实验室工作。1972年被任命为助理教授、1976年被任命为副教授、1988年被任命为教授。于1995年被改称为Henry G. Kunkel教授，1998年被任命为克里斯托福布朗中心免疫学和免疫疾病主任。
Dr. Beutler was born in Chicago in 1957, and grew up in Southern California. He graduated from the University of California, San Diego in 1976 at the age of 18, and received his M.D. from the University of Chicago in 1981 at the age of 23. He performed an internship and residency at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, and was later a postdoctoral fellow and an assistant professor at Rockefeller University. Between 1986 and 2000, Beutler was a professor and HHMI investigator at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. He returned to Southern California in 2000 when he was appointed professor in the department of immunology at Scripps in La Jolla. In 2007 he was named chair of the department of genetics.
Beutler博士于1957年出生于芝加哥，在南加州长大。毕业于圣地亚哥加州大学，1976年18岁的他毕业于加州大学，1981年23岁的他获得了芝加哥大学医学博士学位。他在美国达拉斯德克萨斯大学西南医学中心实习担任住院医，后来在洛克菲勒大学读博士后并担任助理教授。1986年至2000年，Beutler担任得克萨斯大学西南医学中心的教授和HHMI研究员。于2000年返回南加州，被任命为普斯拉霍亚斯克里免疫系教授。在2007年，他被任命为遗传所主席。
Dr. Dinarello was born in 1943 in Boston. He received his medical degree from Yale University and performed a residency at Massachusetts General Hospital. In the 1970s, he was a clinical associate and senior investigator at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Until 1996, he was a professor of medicine and pediatrics at Tufts University School of Medicine and a staff physician at New England Medical Center Hospital in Boston. He joined the faculty at the University of Colorado in 1996. The Institute for Scientific Information lists him as the world’s fourth most cited scientist in the 20 years, 1983-2002.
Dinarello博士于1943年出生在波士顿。他获得耶鲁大学医学学位和在麻省总医院实习并担任住院医。上世纪70年代，他在贝塞斯达美国国立卫生研究院担任临床副教授和高级调查员。1996年，他担任塔夫茨大学医学院的内科和儿科教授，并在波士顿的新英格兰医疗中心医院担任内科医生。于1996年加盟科罗拉多大学学院。科学信息研究所显示从1983年至2002年这20年，被引用最多的科学家里面他位居世界第四。
All three pioneers have extensively published research and have been cited by countless medical and scientific journals including the Lancet, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine and the Journal of the American Medical Association. They have received numerous other prestigious national and international awards and honors as well as a number of honorary degrees.
无数的医学和科学刊物包括柳叶刀，自然，新英格兰医学杂志和美国医学协会已经已广泛引用三位医学先驱发表的研究。他们已经获得许多其他国家和具有国际声望的奖项和荣誉以及各种荣誉学位。
广州雅怡生物
上海安迪生物
R&D systems
2009年6月25日
