DesArgbradykinin

This mouse monoclonal antibody was generated against a ΦX174 bacteriophage-derived synthetic DNA–RNA antigen and recognizes RNA-DNA hybrids of various lengths.

Highlights:

Useful in the detection of R-loops High specificity and affinity for DNA-RNA hybrids Does NOT cross-react with single-stranded DNA or double-stranded DNA Minor cross-reaction (~5-fold less) has been observed for AU-rich double-stranded RNA. High affinity binding shown for hybrids of 8, 10, 15, and 23 base pairs in length

Recombinant Versions Available:

Manufactured using Absolute Antibody’s Recombinant Platform with variable regions (i.e., specificity) from the hybridoma S9.6 Choose isotope/format: mouse IgG2a, rabbit IgG, mouse Fab fragment, Goat IgG

DNA-RNA hybrids are a natural occurrence within eukaryotic cells, with levels of these hybrids increasing at sites with high transcriptional activity, such as during transcription initiation, repression, and elongation. Because RNA-DNA hybrids influence genomic instability, the S9.6 antibody is a useful reagent to help study the consequences of R-loops and lesions formed by these hybrids during DNA replication or other cellular processes. In addition, the S9.6 antibody is effective in recognizing RNA-DNA hybridization for microarray studies.

From the laboratory of Stephen H. Leppla, PhD, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH.

High specificity and affinity for DNA/RNA hybrids and other A-form nucleic acid hybrids

Dot Blot Analysis: 0.2 g/mL.
Affinity Binding Assay: Clone S9.6 bound the DNA-RNA heteropolymer and poly(I)-poly(dC) equally, but 100-fold higher levels of poly(A)-poly(dT) were required to achieve a similar degree of binding. Single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA and RNA, and ribosomal RNA were not bound by clone S9.6 (Boguslawski, S.J., et al. (1986). J. Immunol Methods. 89(1):123-130).
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Analysis: A representative lot detected increased DNA RNA hybrids at four actively transcribed genes upon shRNA-mediated knockdown of BRCA1 or BRCA2, but not PCID2 or RAD51 in HeLa cells (Bhatia, V., et al. (2014). Nature. 511(7509):362-365).
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Analysis: A representative lot detected R-loops formed over beta-actin gene using HeLa chromatin preparation. RNase H treatment of the chromatin preparation prevented clone S9.6 from immunoprecipitating target chromatin fragments (Skourti-Stathaki, K., et al. (2011). Mol. Cell. 42(6):794-805).
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) Analysis: A representative lot detected genome-wide distribution of DNA-RNA hybrids in budding yeast by ChIP-seq analysis (El Hage, A., et al. (2014). PLoS Genet. 10(10):e1004716).
Immunocytochemistry Analysis: Representative lots immunolocalized nuclear R loops by fluorescent immunocytochemistry staining of methanol-fixed H1 human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and formaldehyde-fixed HeLa cells (Bhatia, V., et al. (2014). Nature. 511(7509):362-365; Ginno, P.A., et al. (2012). Mol. Cell. 45(6):814-825).
Immunoprecipitation Analysis: A representative lot immunoprecipitated in vitro transcribed R-loop substrate (DNA-RNA hybrid), but not doouble-stranded DNA (dsDNA) (Ginno, P.A., et al. (2012). Mol. Cell. 45(6):814-825).
See also: S9.6 Publications by Application

From the laboratory of Stephen H. Leppla, PhD, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH.
Phillips DD, Garboczi DN, Singh K, Hu Z, Leppla SH, Leysath CE. The sub-nanomolar binding of DNA-RNA hybrids by the single-chain Fv fragment of antibody S9.6. J Mol Recognit. 2013 Aug;26(8):376-81. Boguslawski SJ, Smith DE, Michalak MA, Mickelson KE, Yehle CO, Patterson WL, Carrico RJ. Characterization of monoclonal antibody to DNA.RNA and its application to immunodetection of hybrids. J Immunol Methods. 1986 May 1;89(1):123-30. Yehle CO, Patterson WL, Boguslawski SJ, Albarella JP, Yip KF, Carrico RJ. A solution hybridization assay for ribosomal RNA from bacteria using biotinylated DNA probes and enzyme-labeled antibody to DNA:RNA. Mol Cell Probes. 1987 Jun;1(2):177-93. Miller CA, Patterson WL, Johnson PK, Swartzell CT, Wogoman F, Albarella JP, Carrico RJ. Detection of bacteria by hybridization of rRNA with DNA-latex and immunodetection of hybrids. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Jul;26(7):1271-6. Casebolt DB, Stephensen CB. Monoclonal antibody solution hybridization assay for detection of mouse hepatitis virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Mar;30(3):608-12. Hu Z, Zhang A, Storz G, Gottesman S, Leppla SH. An antibody-based microarray assay for small RNA detection. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 Apr 13;34(7):e52. Sz kv lgyi L, R kosy Z, B lint BL, K kai E, Imre L, Vereb G, Bacs Z, Goda K, Varga S, Bal zs M, Dombr di V, Nagy L, Szab G. Ribonucleoprotein-masked nicks at 50-kbp intervals in the eukaryotic genomic DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 18;104(38):14964-9. Dutrow N, Nix DA, Holt D, Milash B, Dalley B, Westbroek E, Parnell TJ, Cairns BR. Dynamic transcriptome of Schizosaccharomyces pombe shown by RNA-DNA hybrid mapping. Nat Genet. 2008 Aug;40(8):977-86. Pohjoism ki JL, Holmes JB, Wood SR, Yang MY, Yasukawa T, Reyes A, Bailey LJ, Cluett TJ, Goffart S, Willcox S, Rigby RE, Jackson AP, Spelbrink JN, Griffith JD, Crouch RJ, Jacobs HT, Holt IJ. Mammalian mitochondrial DNA replication intermediates are essentially duplex but contain extensive tracts of RNA/DNA hybrid. J Mol Biol. 2010 Apr 16;397(5):1144-55. El Hage A, French SL, Beyer AL, Tollervey D. Loss of Topoisomerase I leads to R-loop-mediated transcriptional blocks during ribosomal RNA synthesis. Genes Dev. 2010 Jul 15;24(14):1546-58. S pov H, Zhang S, Dudley AM, Galas D, Wang K, Homola J. Surface plasmon resonance biosensor for rapid label-free detection of microribonucleic acid at subfemtomole level. Anal Chem. 2010 Dec 15;82(24):10110-5. Skourti-Stathaki K, Proudfoot NJ, Gromak N. Human senataxin resolves RNA/DNA hybrids formed at transcriptional pause sites to promote Xrn2-dependent termination. Mol Cell. 2011 Jun 24;42(6):794-805. Ginno PA, Lott PL, Christensen HC, Korf I, Ch din F. R-loop formation is a distinctive characteristic of unmethylated human CpG island promoters. Mol Cell. 2012 Mar 30;45(6):814-25. Tran HV, Piro B, Reisberg S, Duc HT, Pham MC. Antibodies directed to RNA/DNA hybrids: an electrochemical immunosensor for microRNAs detection using graphene-composite electrodes. Anal Chem. 2013 Sep 3;85(17):8469-74. Rigby RE, Webb LM, Mackenzie KJ, Li Y, Leitch A, Reijns MA, Lundie RJ, Revuelta A, Davidson DJ, Diebold S, Modis Y, Macdonald AS, Jackson AP. RNA:DNA hybrids are a novel molecular pattern sensed by TLR9. EMBO J. 2014 Mar 18;33(6):542-58. El Hage A, Webb S, Kerr A, Tollervey D. Genome-Wide Distribution of RNA-DNA Hybrids Identifies RNase H Targets in tRNA Genes, Retrotransposons and Mitochondria. PLoS Genet. 2014 Oct 30;10(10):e1004716. Yeo AJ, Becherel OJ, Luff JE, Cullen JK, Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpun P,Kuznetsov VA, McKinnon PJ, Lavin MF. R-loops in proliferating cells but not in the brain: implications for AOA2 and other autosomal recessive ataxias. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 17;9(3):e90219. View Article Bhatia V, Barroso SI, Garc a-Rubio ML, Tumini E, Herrera-Moyano E, Aguilera A. BRCA2 prevents R-loop accumulation and associates with TREX-2 mRNA export factor PCID2. Nature. 2014 Jul 17;511(7509):362-5. Koo CX, Kobiyama K, Shen YJ, LeBert N, Ahmad S, Khatoo M, Aoshi T, Gasser S, Ishii KJ. RNA polymerase III regulates cytosolic RNA:DNA hybrids and intracellular microRNA expression. J Biol Chem. 2015 Mar 20;290(12):7463-73. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M115.636365. Epub 2015 Jan 26. Jenjaroenpun P, Wongsurawat T, Yenamandra SP, Kuznetsov VA. QmRLFS-finder: a model, web server and stand-alone tool for prediction and analysis of R-loop forming sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Nov 16;43(20):10081. View Article Aronica L, Kasparek T, Ruchman D, Marquez Y, Cipak L, Cipakova I, Anrather D, Mikolaskova B, Radtke M, Sarkar S, Pai CC, Blaikley E, Walker C, Shen KF, Schroeder R, Barta A, Forsburg SL, Humphrey TC. The spliceosome-associated protein Nrl1 suppresses homologous recombination-dependent R-loop formation in fission yeast. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Dec 17. pii: gkv1473. View Article Bersani F, Lee E, Kharchenko PV, Xu AW, Liu M, Xega K, MacKenzie OC, Brannigan BW, Wittner BS, Jung H, Ramaswamy S, Park PJ, Maheswaran S, Ting DT, Haber DA. Pericentromeric satellite repeat expansions through RNA-derived DNA intermediates in cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Dec 8;112(49):15148-53. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1518008112. Epub 2015 Nov 2. PubMed PMID: 26575630; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4679016. View Article Chen PB, Chen HV, Acharya D, Rando OJ, Fazzio TG. R loops regulate promoter-proximal chromatin architecture and cellular differentiation. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2015 Dec;22(12):999-1007. View Article Starokadomskyy P, Gemelli T, Rios JJ, Xing C, Wang RC, Li H, Pokatayev V, Dozmorov I, Khan S, Miyata N, Fraile G, Raj P, Xu Z, Xu Z, Ma L, Lin Z, Wang H, Yang Y, Ben-Amitai D, Orenstein N, Mussaffi H, Baselga E, Tadini G, Grunebaum E, Sarajlija A, Krzewski K, Wakeland EK, Yan N, de la Morena MT, Zinn AR, Burstein E. DNA polymerase- regulates the activation of type I interferons through cytosolic RNA:DNA synthesis. Nat Immunol. 2016 May;17(5):495-504. doi: 10.1038/ni.3409. PubMed PMID: 27019227; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4836962. View Article Krishnan S, Petchiappan A, Singh A, Bhatt A, Chatterji D. R-loop induced stress response by second (p)ppGpp synthetase in Mycobacterium smegmatis: functional and domain interdependence. Mol Microbiol. 2016 Oct;102(1):168-82. doi: 10.1111/mmi.13453. PubMed PMID: 27349932. View Article Wiedemann EM, Peycheva M, Pavri R. DNA Replication Origins in Immunoglobulin Switch Regions Regulate Class Switch Recombination in an R-Loop-Dependent Manner. Cell Rep. 2016 Dec 13;17(11):2927-2942. View Article Torrente-Rodr guez RM, Ruiz-Valdepe as Montiel V, Campuzano S, Farchado-Dinia M, Barderas R, San Segundo-Acosta P, Montoya JJ, Pingarron JM. Fast Electrochemical miRNAs Determination in Cancer Cells and Tumor Tissues with Antibody-Functionalized Magnetic Microcarriers. ACS Sensors. 2016 Jun 10;1(7):896-903. View Article Abraham KJ, Chan JN, Salvi JS, Ho B, Hall A, Vidya E, Guo R, Killackey SA, LiuN, Lee JE, Brown GW, Mekhail K. Intersection of calorie restriction and magnesiumin the suppression of genome-destabilizing RNA-DNA hybrids. Nucleic Acids Res.2016 Aug 29. pii: gkw752. View Article Lima WF, Murray HM, Damle SS, Hart CE, Hung G, De Hoyos CL, Liang XH, Crooke ST. Viable RNaseH1 knockout mice show RNaseH1 is essential for R loop processing, mitochondrial and liver function. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016 Apr 29. View Article Starokadomskyy P, Gemelli T, Rios JJ, Xing C, Wang RC, Li H, Pokatayev V, Dozmorov I, Khan S, Miyata N, Fraile G, Raj P, Xu Z, Xu Z, Ma L, Lin Z, Wang H, Yang Y, Ben-Amitai D, Orenstein N, Mussaffi H, Baselga E, Tadini G, Grunebaum E, Sarajlija A, Krzewski K, Wakeland EK, Yan N, de la Morena MT, Zinn AR, Burstein E. DNA polymerase-? regulates the activation of type I interferons throughcytosolic RNA:DNA synthesis. Nat Immunol. 2016 Mar 28. View Article Li L, Matsui M, Corey DR. Activating frataxin expression by repeat-targeted nucleic acids. Nat Commun. 2016 Feb 4;7:10606. doi: 10.1038/ncomms 10606. View Article Zhang R, Wu J, Ferrandon S, Glowacki KJ, Houghton JA. Targeting GLI by GANT61 involves mechanisms dependent on inhibition of both transcription and DNA licensing. Oncotarget. 2016 Dec 6;7(49):80190-80207. View Article Mol s JP, Griez A, Guilhou JJ, Girard C, Nagot N, Van de Perre P, Dujols P. Cytosolic RNA:DNA Duplexes Generated by Endogenous Reverse Transcriptase Activity as Autonomous Inducers of Skin Inflammation in Psoriasis. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 17;12(1):e0169879. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169879. PubMed PMID: 28095445; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5240966. View Article Jangi M, Fleet C, Cullen P, Gupta SV, Mekhoubad S, Chiao E, Allaire N, Bennett CF, Rigo F, Krainer AR, Hurt JA, Carulli JP, Staropoli JF. SMN deficiency in severe models of spinal muscular atrophy causes widespread intron retention and DNA damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Mar 21;114(12):E2347-E2356. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1613181114. PubMed PMID: 28270613. View Article Lim J, Giri PK, Kazadi D, Laffleur B, Zhang W, Grinstein V, Pefanis E, Brown LM, Ladewig E, Martin O, Chen Y, Rabadan R, Boyer F, Rothschild G, Cogn M, Pinaud E, Deng H, Basu U. Nuclear Proximity of Mtr4 to RNA Exosome Restricts DNA Mutational Asymmetry. Cell. 2017 Apr 20;169(3):523-537.e15. View Article Chang EY, Novoa CA, Aristizabal MJ, Coulombe Y, Segovia R, Chaturvedi R, Shen Y, Keong C, Tam AS, Jones SJM, Masson JY, Kobor MS, Stirling PC. RECQ-like helicases Sgs1 and BLM regulate R-loop-associated genome instability. J Cell Biol. 2017 Dec 4;216(12):3991-4005. View Article Sagie S, Toubiana S, Hartono SR, Katzir H, Tzur-Gilat A, Havazelet S, Francastel C, Velasco G, Ch din F, Selig S. Telomeres in ICF syndrome cells are vulnerable to DNA damage due to elevated DNA:RNA hybrids. Nat Commun. 2017 Jan 24;8:14015. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14015. PubMed PMID: 28117327; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5286223. View Article Sridhara SC, Carvalho S, Grosso AR, Gallego-Paez LM, Carmo-Fonseca M, de Almeida SF. Transcription Dynamics Prevent RNA-Mediated Genomic Instability through SRPK2-Dependent DDX23 Phosphorylation. Cell Rep. 2017 Jan 10;18(2):334-343. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.050. PubMed PMID: 28076779. View Article Min J, Wright WE, Shay JW. Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres Mediated by Mitotic DNA Synthesis Engages Break-Induced Replication Processes. Mol Cell Biol. 2017 Sep 26;37(20). pii: e00226-17. View Article Jiang YF, Lin SS, Chen JM, Tsai HZ, Hsieh TS, Fu CY. Electron tomographic analysis reveals ultrastructural features of mitochondrial cristae architecture which reflect energetic state and aging. Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 30;7:45474. View Article Chen L, Chen JY, Zhang X, Gu Y, Xiao R, Shao C, Tang P, Qian H, Luo D, Li H, Zhou Y, Zhang DE, Fu XD. R-ChIP Using Inactive RNase H Reveals Dynamic Coupling of R-loops with Transcriptional Pausing at Gene Promoters. Mol Cell. 2017 Nov 16;68(4):745-757.e5. View Article Carolina A Novoa, Emily Yun-Chia Chang, Maria J Aristizabal, Yan Coulombe, Romulo Segovia, Yaoqing Shen, Christelle Keong, Steven JM Jones, Jean-Yves Masson, Michael S Kobor, Peter C Stirling. Conserved roles of RECQ-like helicases Sgs1 and BLM in preventing R-loop induced genome instability. bioRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/119677. View Article Shafiq S, Chen C, Yang J, Cheng L, Ma F, Widemann E, Sun Q. DNA Topoisomerase 1 prevents R-loop accumulation to modulate auxin-regulated root development in rice. Mol Plant. 2017 Apr 12. pii: S1674-2052(17)30102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.04.001. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28412545. View Article Esanov R, Cabrera GT, Andrade NS, Gendron TF, Brown RH Jr, Benatar M, Wahlestedt C, Mueller C, Zeier Z. A C9ORF72 BAC mouse model recapitulates key epigenetic perturbations of ALS/FTD. Mol Neurodegener. 2017 Jun 12;12(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s13024-017-0185-9. PubMed PMID: 28606110. View Article Br nner C, Salvi L, Zocco M, Ugolini I, Halic M. Accumulation of RNA on chromatin disrupts heterochromatic silencing. Genome Res. 2017 Jul;27(7):1174-1183. View Article Bonnet A, Grosso AR, Elkaoutari A, Coleno E, Presle A, Sridhara SC, Janbon G, G li V, de Almeida SF, Palancade B. Introns Protect Eukaryotic Genomes from Transcription-Associated Genetic Instability. Mol Cell. 2017 Aug 17;67(4):608-621.e6. View Article Velazquez Camacho O, Galan C, Swist-Rosowska K, Ching R, Gamalinda M, Karabiber F, De La Rosa-Velazquez I, Engist B, Koschorz B, Shukeir N, Onishi-Seebacher M, van de Nobelen S, Jenuwein T. Major satellite repeat RNA stabilize heterochromatin retention of Suv39h enzymes by RNA-nucleosome association and RNA:DNA hybrid formation. Elife. 2017 Aug 1;6. pii: e25293. View Article Su XA, Freudenreich CH. Cytosine deamination and base excision repair cause R-loop-induced CAG repeat fragility and instability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Sep 18. pii: 201711283. View Article Lang KS, Hall AN, Merrikh CN, Ragheb M, Tabakh H, Pollock AJ, Woodward JJ, Dreifus JE, Merrikh H. Replication-Transcription Conflicts Generate R-Loops that Orchestrate Bacterial Stress Survival and Pathogenesis. Cell. 2017 Aug 10;170(4):787-799.e18. View Article Walker C, Herranz-Martin S, Karyka E, Liao C, Lewis K, Elsayed W, Lukashchuk V, Chiang SC, Ray S, Mulcahy PJ, Jurga M, Tsagakis I, Iannitti T, Chandran J, Coldicott I, De Vos KJ, Hassan MK, Higginbottom A, Shaw PJ, Hautbergue GM, Azzouz M, El-Khamisy SF. C9orf72 expansion disrupts ATM-mediated chromosomal break repair. Nat Neurosci. 2017 Sep;20(9):1225-1235. View Article Jones SE, Fleuren EDG, Frankum J, Konde A, Williamson CT, Krastev DB, Pemberton HN, Campbell J, Gulati A, Elliott R, Menon M, Selfe JL, Brough R, Pettitt SJ, Niedzwiedz W, van der Graaf WTA, Shipley J, Ashworth A, Lord CJ. ATR is a therapeutic target in synovial sarcoma. Cancer Res. 2017 Oct 16. pii: canres.2056.2017. View Article Dumelie JG, Jaffrey SR. Defining the location of promoter-associated R-loops at near-nucleotide resolution using bisDRIP-seq. Elife. 2017 Oct 26;6. pii:e28306. View Article Qian Z, Zhurkin VB, Adhya S. DNA-RNA interactions are critical for chromosome condensation in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Oct 30. pii: 201711285. View Article Vargas E, Torrente-Rodr guez RM, Ruiz-Valdepe as Montiel V, Povedano E, Pedrero M, Montoya JJ, Campuzano S, Pingarr n JM. Magnetic Beads-Based Sensor with Tailored Sensitivity for Rapid and Single-Step Amperometric Determination of miRNAs. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Nov 9;18(11). pii: E2151. View Article Watanabe T, Marotta M, Suzuki R, Diede SJ, Tapscott SJ, Niida A, Chen X, Mouakkad L, Kondratova A, Giuliano AE, Orsulic S, Tanaka H. Impediment of Replication Forks by Long Non-coding RNA Provokes Chromosomal Rearrangements by Error-Prone Restart. Cell Rep. 2017 Nov 21;21(8):2223-2235. View Article Choi J, Hwang SY, Ahn K. Interplay between RNASEH2 and MOV10 controls LINE-1 retrotransposition. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 5. View Article Komseli ES, Pateras IS, Krejsgaard T, Stawiski K, Rizou SV, Polyzos A, Roumelioti FM, Chiourea M, Mourkioti I, Paparouna E, Zampetidis CP, Gumeni S, Trougakos IP, Pefani DE, O Neill E, Gagos S, Eliopoulos AG, Fendler W, Chowdhury D, Bartek J, Gorgoulis VG. A prototypical non-malignant epithelial model to study genome dynamics and concurrently monitor micro-RNAs and proteins in situ during oncogene-induced senescence. BMC Genomics. 2018 Jan 10;19(1):37. View Article Iijima K, Kobayashi J, Ishizaka Y. Structural alteration of DNA induced by viral protein R of HIV-1 triggers the DNA damage response. Retrovirology. 2018 Jan 16;15(1):8. View Article Okamoto Y, Iwasaki WM, Kugou K, Takahashi KK, Oda A, Sato K, Kobayashi W, Kawai H, Sakasai R, Takaori-Kondo A, Yamamoto T, Kanemaki MT, Taoka M, Isobe T, Kurumizaka H, Innan H, Ohta K, Ishiai M, Takata M. Replication stress induces accumulation of FANCD2 at central region of large fragile genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 31. View Article Lu WT, Hawley BR, Skalka GL, Baldock RA, Smith EM, Bader AS, Malewicz M, Watts FZ, Wilczynska A, Bushell M. Drosha drives the formation of DNA:RNA hybrids around DNA break sites to facilitate DNA repair. Nat Commun. 2018 Feb 7;9(1):532. View Article Raghunathan N, Kapshikar RM, Leela JK, Mallikarjun J, Bouloc P, Gowrishankar J. Genome-wide relationship between R-loop formation and antisense transcription in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Feb 21. View Article Brustel J, Kozik Z, Gromak N, Savic V, Sweet SMM. Large XPF-dependent deletions following misrepair of a DNA double strand break are prevented by the RNA:DNA helicase Senataxin. Sci Rep. 2018 Mar 1;8(1):3850. View Article Chen L, Chen JY, Huang YJ, Gu Y, Qiu J, Qian H, Shao C, Zhang X, Hu J, Li H, He S, Zhou Y, Abdel-Wahab O, Zhang DE, Fu XD. The Augmented R-Loop Is a Unifying Mechanism for Myelodysplastic Syndromes Induced by High-Risk Splicing Factor Mutations. Mol Cell. 2018 Feb 1;69(3):412-425.e6. View Article Postberg J, J nsson F, Weil PP, Bulic A, Juranek SA, Lipps HJ. 27nt-RNAs guide histone variant deposition via RNA-induced DNA replication interference and thus transmit parental genome partitioning in Stylonychia. Epigenetics Chromatin. 2018 Jun 12;11(1):31. View Article Andrews AM, McCartney HJ, Errington TM, D Andrea AD, Macara IG. A senataxin-associated exonuclease SAN1 is required for resistance to DNA interstrand cross-links. Nat Commun. 2018 Jul 3;9(1):2592. View Article Kannan A, Bhatia K, Branzei D, Gangwani L. Combined deficiency of Senataxin and DNA-PKcs causes DNA damage accumulation and neurodegeneration in spinal muscular atrophy. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jul 16. View Article Chen Y, Li J, Cao F, Lam J, Cheng CCY, Yu CH, Huen MSY. Nucleolar residence of the seckel syndrome protein TRAIP is coupled to ribosomal DNA transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Aug 27. View Article Majerska J, Feretzaki M, Glousker G, Lingner J. Transformation-induced stress at telomeres is counteracted through changes in the telomeric proteome including SAMHD1. Life Sci Alliance. 2018 Jul 17;1(4):e201800121. View Article Teng Y, Yadav T, Duan M, Tan J, Xiang Y, Gao B, Xu J, Liang Z, Liu Y, Nakajima S, Shi Y, Levine AS, Zou L, Lan L. ROS-induced R loops trigger a transcription-coupled but BRCA1/2-independent homologous recombination pathway through CSB. Nat Commun. 2018 Oct 8;9(1):4115. View Article Chakraborty P, Huang JTJ, Hiom K. DHX9 helicase promotes R-loop formation in cells with impaired RNA splicing. Nat Commun. 2018 Oct 19;9(1):4346.View Article Abu Diab M, Mor-Shaked H, Cohen E, Cohen-Hadad Y, Ram O, Epsztejn-Litman S, Eiges R. The G-rich Repeats in FMR1 and C9orf72 Loci Are Hotspots for Local Unpairing of DNA. Genetics. 2018 Nov 5. pii: genetics.301672.2018. View Article Ostrowski LA, Hall AC, Szafranski KJ, Oshidari R, Abraham KJ, Chan JNY, Krustev C, Zhang K, Wang A, Liu Y, Guo R, Mekhail K. Conserved Pbp1/Ataxin-2 regulates retrotransposon activity and connects polyglutamine expansion-driven protein aggregation to lifespan-controlling rDNA repeats. Commun Biol. 2018 Nov 5;1:187.View Article Landsverk HB, Sandquist LE, Sridhara SC, R dland GE, Sabino JC, de Almeida SF, Grallert B, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Sylju sen RG. Regulation of ATR activity via the RNA polymerase II associated factors CDC73 and PNUTS-PP1. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Dec 12. View Article Bhatia V, Vald s-S nchez L, Rodriguez-Martinez D, Bhattacharya SS. Formation of 53BP1 foci and ATM activation under oxidative stress is facilitated by RNA:DNA hybrids and loss of ATM-53BP1 expression promotes photoreceptor cell survival in mice. F1000Res. 2018 Aug 10;7:1233. View Article Briggs E, Crouch K, Lemgruber L, Lapsley C, McCulloch R. Ribonuclease H1-targeted R-loops in surface antigen gene expression sites can direct trypanosome immune evasion. PLoS Genet. 2018 Dec 13. View Article Okamoto Y, Abe M, Itaya A, Tomida J, Ishiai M, Takaori-Kondo A, Taoka M, Isobe T, Takata M. FANCD2 protects genome stability by recruiting RNA processing enzymes to resolve R-loops during mild replication stress. FEBS J. 2018 Nov 15. View Article Kuznetsov VA, Bondarenko V, Wongsurawat T, Yenamandra SP, Jenjaroenpun P. Toward predictive R-loop computational biology: genome-scale prediction of R-loops reveals their association with complex promoter structures, G-quadruplexes and transcriptionally active enhancers. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Sep 6;46(15):8023. View Article Teloni F, Michelena J, Lezaja A, Kilic S, Ambrosi C, Menon S, Dobrovolna J, Imhof R, Janscak P, Baubec T, Altmeyer M. Efficient Pre-mRNA Cleavage Prevents Replication-Stress-Associated Genome Instability. Mol Cell. 2018 Dec 24. View Article Liang Z, Liang F, Teng Y, Chen X, Liu J, Longerich S, Rao T, Green AM, Collins NB, Xiong Y, Lan L, Sung P, Kupfer GM. Binding of FANCI-FANCD2 Complex to RNA and R-Loops Stimulates Robust FANCD2 Monoubiquitination. Cell Rep. 2019 Jan 15. View Article Marabitti V, Lillo G, Malacaria E, Palermo V, Sanchez M, Pichierri P, Franchitto A. ATM pathway activation limits R-loop-associated genomic instability in Werner syndrome cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019 Apr 23;47(7):3485-3502. View Article Burger K, Schlackow M, Gullerova M. Tyrosine kinase c-Abl couples RNA polymerase II transcription to DNA double-strand breaks. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019 Jan 22. View Article Milbury KL, Paul B, Lari A, Fowler C, Montpetit B, Stirling PC. Exonuclease domain mutants of yeast DIS3 display genome instability. Nucleus. 2019 Dec;10(1):21-32. View Article Alfano L, Caporaso A, Altieri A, Dell Aquila M, Landi C, Bini L, Pentimalli F, Giordano A. Depletion of the RNA binding protein HNRNPD impairs homologous recombination by inhibiting DNA-end resection and inducing R-loop accumulation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019 Feb 25. pii: gkz076. View Article Martinez-Macias MI, Moore DA, Green RL, Gomez-Herreros F, Naumann M, Hermann A, Van Damme P, Hafezparast M, Caldecott KW. FUS (fused in sarcoma) is a component of the cellular response to topoisomerase I-induced DNA breakage and transcriptional stress. Life Sci Alliance. 2019 Feb 26;2(2). pii: e201800222. View Article Baiersd rfer M, Boros G, Muramatsu H, Mahiny A, Vlatkovic I, Sahin U, Karik K. A Facile Method for the Removal of dsRNA Contaminant from In Vitro-Transcribed mRNA. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2019 Apr 15;15:26-35. View Article De Cecco M, Ito T, Petrashen AP, Elias AE, Skvir NJ, Criscione SW, Caligiana A, Brocculi G, Adney EM, Boeke JD, Le O, Beaus jour C, Ambati J, Ambati K, Simon M, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Slagboom PE, Helfand SL, Neretti N, Sedivy JM. L1 drives IFN in senescent cells and promotes age-associated inflammation. Nature. 2019 Feb;566(7742):73-78. View Article Pezone A, Zuchegna C, Tramontano A, Romano A, Russo G, de Rosa M, Vinciguerra M, Porcellini A, Gottesman ME, Avvedimento EV. RNA Stabilizes Transcription-Dependent Chromatin Loops Induced By Nuclear Hormones. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 8;9(1):3925. View Article P rez Di Giorgio JA, Lepage , Tremblay-Belzile S, Truche S, Loubert-Hudon A, Brisson N. Transcription is a major driving force for plastid genome instability in Arabidopsis. PLoS One. 2019 Apr 3;14(4):e0214552. View Article Herold S, Kalb J, B chel G, Ade CP, Baluapuri A, Xu J, Koster J, Solvie D, Carstensen A, Klotz C, Rodewald S, Sch lein-V lk C, Dobbelstein M, Wolf E, Molenaar J, Versteeg R, Walz S, Eilers M. Recruitment of BRCA1 limits MYCN-driven accumulation of stalled RNA polymerase. Nature. 2019 Mar;567(7749):545-549. View Article Sanz LA, Ch din F. High-resolution, strand-specific R-loop mapping via S9.6-based DNA-RNA immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing. Nat Protoc. 2019 Jun;14(6):1734-1755. View Article Graf M, Bonetti D, Lockhart A, Serhal K, Kellner V, Maicher A, Jolivet P, Teixeira MT, Luke B. Telomere Length Determines TERRA and R-Loop Regulation through the Cell Cycle. Cell. 2017 Jun 29;170(1):72-85.e14. View Article Zhu Q, Hoong N, Aslanian A, Hara T, Benner C, Heinz S, Miga KH, Ke E, Verma S, Soroczynski J, Yates JR 3rd, Hunter T, Verma IM. Heterochromatin-Encoded Satellite RNAs Induce Breast Cancer. Mol Cell. 2018 Jun 7;70(5):842-853.e7. View Article Yang Z, Hou Q, Cheng L, Xu W, Hong Y, Li S, Sun Q. RNase H1 Cooperates with DNA Gyrases to Restrict R-Loops and Maintain Genome Integrity in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts. Plant Cell. 2017 Oct;29(10):2478-2497. View Article Gorthi A, Romero JC, Loranc E, Cao L, Lawrence LA, Goodale E, Iniguez AB, Bernard X, Masamsetti VP, Roston S, Lawlor ER, Toretsky JA, Stegmaier K, Lessnick SL, Chen Y, Bishop AJR. EWS-FLI1 increases transcription to cause R-loops and block BRCA1 repair in Ewing sarcoma. Nature. 2018 Mar 15;555(7696):387-391. View Article

此单克隆抗体对嘌呤霉素提供了一种非放射性方法来测量嘌呤治疗嘌呤温育的细胞或组织切片，或动物全球蛋白质合成（mRNA翻译）的速率在体内。 嘌呤霉素是一种氨基核苷类抗生素，来自链霉菌（Streptomyces alboniger）细菌，在核糖体中发生翻译过程中导致链过早终止。部分分子类似于氨酰基化tRNA的3末端，使其可用于蛋白质翻译分析。 用于监测蛋白质合成的经典脉冲追踪或淹水剂量方法依赖于放射性甲硫氨酸和半胱氨酸标记的测量。使用嘌呤霉素免疫检测的分析是放射性氨基酸标记的有利替代方案，并且允许使用标准免疫化学方法直接评估/定量翻译。 来自宾夕法尼亚州立大学医学院Scot R. Kimball博士的实验室 阅读相关博客文章，Puromycin Incorporation作为全球蛋白质合成的衡量标准» （A）C2C12成肌细胞缺乏血清和亮氨酸2小时，然后将IGF-1和亮氨酸加入到一些细胞的培养基中45分钟。在收获前30分钟将嘌呤霉素（1μM）加入到一些细胞（泳道3-6）的培养基中。（B）来自图A的蛋白质印迹分析的定量。（C）在同一研究中，但是在一组单独的培养皿中，将细胞与[35S]甲硫氨酸而不是嘌呤霉素一起温育，并测量掺入。

版权所有：北京盛科博源生物科技有限公司
邮箱:biosale@126.com电话：010-62968438传真：010-62965984
地址：北京海淀区上地三街中黎科技园京ICP备09075074号京公网安备110108008220号

EQ0001 抗嘌呤霉素[3RH11]抗体,100ug 100微克 有现货 $270.00 EQ0005 抗嘌呤霉素[3RH11]抗体,500ug 5x100ug 有现货 $1,080.00 产品规格 产品类别: 抗体 Name: 抗嘌呤霉素(...

Anti-DNA-RNA Hybrid [S9.6] Antibody Zoom This mouse monoclonal antibody was generated against a ΦX174 bacteriophage-d...